Solution

Need of land reforms in India are discussed as follows:

1. In India there existed three types of land tenure systems namely Zamindari, Ryotwari and Mahalwari systems. In these systems revenue needed to be paid for cultivating in the land. This resulted in exploitation of the farmers.

2. The land holdings were very small and fragmented which hindered in the use of modern techniques

3. The farmers had a lack of initiative as the land was owned by landlords

4. The basic purpose of farming was to earn for survival and not for making profit, hence it needed to change.

Type of land reforms undertaken by Government are:

1. Abolishing of Intermediaries: The land reforms put an emphasis on abolishing intermediaries like Jagirdar and Zamindars, and make the tillers or farmers, the owners of the land.

2. Rent regulation: The farmers were charged exceptionally high rents. After independence, in the first five year plan it was decided that rent for cultivating on the land will be reduced to one-fourth or one fifth.

3. Land Holding Consolidation: The land pieces being very fragmented, modern technology could not be used. Hence land consolidation was done to provide them with land pieces which was total of the land plot they owned. It allowed for implementation of modern technology and better production.

4. Land Ceilings: This aimed at providing a fixed amount of land to an individual in order to promote equality of land holdings and promote development.

5. Co-operative Farming: Small scale farming by a farmer was not at all profitable, encouraging farmers to work together in a farm land enhanced the productivity and profit sharing also increased.