Solution

Since no region can exist in a vacuum, external forces have an impact on bilateral ties in South Asia. No matter how hard it may try to shield itself from non-regional powers, it is affected by external forces and circumstances:

1. In South Asian politics, China and the US continue to be major players.
2. Although Sino-Indian relations have significantly improved over the past ten years, China's strategic alliance with Pakistan continues to be a major source of friction.
3. Since 1991, the two Asian giants' economic ties have grown rapidly as a result of the demands of development and globalisation.
4. The US maintains cordial ties with both Pakistan and India and serves as a mediator in relations between the two countries.
5. Liberal economic policies and economic reforms in both nations have boosted American participation levels.
6. The US still has a sizable South Asian economy, and the region's massive populations and markets give the country a greater stake in the region's continued security and peace.