Draw the typical input and output characteristics of an n-p-n transistor in CE configuration. Show how these characteristics can be used to determine (a) the input resistance (r ), and (b) current amplification factor (β).

(a) Give three reasons why modulation of a message signal is necessary for long-distance transmission.
(b) Show graphically an audio signal, a carrier wave and an amplitude modulated wave.

The teachers of Geeta’s school took the students on a study trip to a power generating station, located nearly 200 km away from the city. The teacher explained that electrical energy is transmitted over such a long distance to their city, in the form of alternating current (ac) raised to a high voltage. At the receiving end in the city, the voltage is reduced to operate the devices. As a result, the power loss is reduced. Geeta listened to the teacher and asked questions about how the ac is converted to a higher or lower voltage.
(a) Name the device used to change the alternating voltage to a higher or lower value. State one cause for power dissipation in this device.
(b) Explain wit

(a) Define electric flux. Is it a scalar or a vector quantity ? A point charge q is at a distance of dl2 directly above the center of a square of side d, as shown in the figure. Use Gauss’ law to obtain the expression for the electric flux through the square.
figure:
(b) If the point charge is now moved to a distance ‘d ‘ from the center of the square and the side of the square is doubled, explain how the electric flux will be affected.
OR
(a) Use Gauss’ law to derive the expression for the electric field (E) due to a straight uniformly charged infinite line of charge densit

(a) State the principle of an ac generator and explain its working with the help of a labelled diagram. Obtain the expression for the emf induced in a coil having N turns each of cross-sectional area A, rotating with a constant angular speed ω in a magnetic field B, directed perpendicular to the axis of rotation.
(b) An aeroplane is flying horizontally from west to east with a velocity of 900 km/ hour. Calculate the potential difference developed between the ends of its wings having a span of 20 m. The horizontal component of the Earth’s magnetic field is 5 × 10-4 T and the angle of dip is 30°.
OR
A device X is connected across an ac source of voltage V = V₀sin ωt. The

(a) Draw a ray diagram to show image formation when the concave mirror produces a real, inverted and magnified image of the object.
(b) Obtain the mirror formula and write the expression for the linear magnification.
(c) Explain two advantages of a reflecting telescope over a refracting telescope.
OR
(a) Define a wave front. Using Huygens’ principle, verify the laws of reflection at a plane surface.
(b) In a single slit diffraction experiment, the width of the slit is made double the original width. How does this affect the size and intensity of the central diffraction band ? Explain.
(c) When a tiny circular obstacle is placed in the path of light from a di