The world had been divided into two blocks by the alliance systems led by the two superpowers. The Western Alliance was a collection of West European countries led by the United States that embraced capitalism and liberal democracy. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), which was founded in April 1949, was formalised. It was a group of twelve countries who agreed that any armed attack on one of them in Europe or North America would be considered an attack on all of them.
Both of these coalitions represented powerful regional assertion. The United Front of October, 1996 was similar to the National Front of 1989 for it included Janata Dal and several other regional parties. Their liberalization policies were also similar to each other.
Periyar, also known as E. V. Ramaswami Naicker, was an atheist who was well-known for his anti-caste activism. In contrast to Hindi and the dominance of North India, he rediscovered Dravid and eventually created Dravid Kazhagam. He made the claim that North Indians and Brahmins are Aryans. He fought Brahmin dominance and championed regional pride in the face of North control.
i) Commodity commerce has become more globalised as a result of globalisation. Different governments' prohibitions on permitting imports from other countries have been relaxed. Similarly, limits on capital mobility between countries have been eased. This means that investors can put their money in other countries, notably developing countries, where they may earn a higher return. (ii) As a result of globalisation, governments in different areas of the world have implemented similar economic policies, resulting in different outcomes in different regions of the world. Economic globalisation has sparked a fierce debate around the world, because the same set of policies does not produce the same outcomes everywhere. (iii) When there is deregulation, globalisation leads to better economic growth and well-being for a bigger portion of the population. Greater international trade allows each economy to perform at its best, benefiting the entire world. Interdependence and integration between government enterprises and ordinary people in different parts of the world has increased as a result of globalisation.
The size of the privy purse was determined by the size of the merging state's revenue and potential, and an assurance was made at the time of princely state integration that the ruler's family would be allowed to keep some private property. Privileges granted to princely states at the time of accession, integration, and consolidation were criticised and resisted.
As a result, certain leaders, such as Indira Gandhi, argued that the privy purses should be abolished since hereditary privilegers did not adhere to the constitution's principles of equality, social, and economic fairness. Indira Gandhi made this a major election issue in 1967 and received widespread public support. The constitution was modified to temove after a huge victory in the 1971 election.
The Soviet system prioritised the state and the party's institutions. No other political party could be created or elected in this system because it was based on the Communist Party. The government also planned and controlled the economy. A few characteristics of the Soviet system:
The Soviet Union had a bureaucratic and authoritarian system. There was no democracy and no freedom of expression. There was no room for any other political party in the Soviet system, which was centred on the Communist Party. All of the institutions were under direct control, choices were arbitrary and biassed, and the board that made the decisions was unaccountable to anyone. Russians ruled everything, while citizens from other parts of the country felt neglected and oppressed. People's desire to govern their own concerns, particularly social and cultural matters, was ignored by the party. The Soviet state's institutions needed reforming, and there was only one party system in place. People's ambitions and feelings, on the other hand, were ignored by the party. The government subsidised people's basic needs, such as health, education, child care, and other welfare programmes.
The Soviet union installed nuclear missiles in Cuba and decided to convert it into a Russian base. This had put the US under direct target from a close range, leading to a situation where a clash seemed inevitable. This was known as Cuban Missile Crisis. Cuba was an ally of the Soviet Union and received both diplomatic and financial aid from it, Nikita Khrushchev, the leader of the Soviet Union decided to convert Cuba into Russian base as geographically, Cuba was located within a short distance from USA and also because she was worried that the Americans might overtake Cuba, overthrow Fidel castro, and use it against them in 1962.
Three weeks after the Soviet Union had placed the nuclear weapons in Cuba, the Americans became aware of it. American president Kennedy ordered American warships to intercept any Soviet ships heading to cuba as a way of warning the USSR of his seriousness. Cuban missile crisis didn’t break out in a hot war but it is often considered as a high point in the cold war.