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A natural basin in the river Tungabhadra provided enough water for the city of Vijayanagara. It flows north-easternly and is flanked by granite mountains. It ran down to the Tungabhadra River. The Vijayanagara rulers constructed large embankments to preserve water. They also built various-sized reservoirs and developed plans to store rainwater because this part of the peninsula was parched. The Kamalapuram tank, which was created in the fourteenth century to store water, is still in use today.

The rain will be used throughout the city. The Kamalapuram tank is an excellent example of a tank constructed in the early years of the fifteenth century. The water from this tank was not only utilised to irrigate fields, but it was also piped to the "royal centre" via a channel. According to historians, the Hiriya canal was the most remarkable waterworks. This canal carried water from a dam built across the Tungabhadra, and therefore the grounds for improving Vijayanagara's water resources were: Vijayanagara was located in one of the world's most dry zones, so elaborate water arrangements were built to store rainwater and transport it to town.

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Even after the Permanent Settlement of Bengal at the end of the 18th century, zamindars repeatedly failed to pay the tax demand because the East India Company believed that by fixing the revenue demand, the zamindars would pay frequently in connection with unpaid balances.
The firm believed that once the revenue demand had been established, the zamindars would pay on time and with dues. Due to large initial demands, the zamindars failed. The enormous demand was unavoidable in the 1790s, when agricultural manufacturing was in decline.
The revenue was generally constant, regardless of whether the harvest was excellent or bad, and it had to be paid on time. The zamindars were unable to collect rent, but they were able to pay the corporation. Regardless of the harvest, the revenue was consistent and had to be paid on time.
According to the sunset law, if money was not received by the sunset of the requested date, the zamindari would be auctioned. The permanent settlement limited zamindars' ability to collect rent from the rioting. The Zamindars' power to prepare native justice and the native police was taken away from them. Rent was difficult to collect in most cases due to bad weather or a perilous harvest. Generally, the rioting purposefully postponed payments.

Solution

The wealthier peasants known as Jotedars were cementing their status in villages at the time when zamindars were confronting a crisis at the end of the 18th century. Position as a landlord: By the early nineteenth century, the wealthy peasants, known as jotedars, had amassed vast swaths of land, sometimes exceeding 1000 acres.
The Jotedars' position should not be judged solely on the basis of enormous swaths of land; they also acquired control over local trade and money lending. They used to have a lot of authority over the region's poor farmers.
A considerable portion of the land was cultivated by sharecroppers, who purchased their own plough and laboured in their fields, but were required to hand over roughly half of their yield to the wealthy peasants or Jotedars after harvest.
In certain regions, Jotedars were referred to as haoladars, while in others, they were referred to as gantidars and mandals. The zamindars' authority was probably diminished as a result of their ascendancy.
They used to pay only a few rupees for their own revenue and then the full balance in practically every kist; they now hold more than their kottas are entitled to.
The jotedars were despised by landlords, as Francis Buchanan described them.

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(a) One was known as Polaj land, which was land that was routinely cultivated and yielded crops. Another was Parauti land, which was left uncultivated in order to reclaim its previous fertility. Chacher land was also kept uncultivated for three to four years to ensure that it would provide a harvest at least once.

(b) The classification was based on the following two factors:
(i) The land's fertility;
(ii) The capacity of the soil, whether it is to be farmed annually or not.

(c) Because it was determined based on the nature and productivity of land, this categorization appears to be a sound basis for calculating revenue. It made income payment easy for the growers.

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(a) The British had a problem dealing with these people because they would flee when they saw British officials and then return in large numbers armed with guns.

(a) The people of Oude were hostile since the British conquered the city and deposed and exiled the popular king Wajid Ali Shah to Calcutta. Many people in Oude have lost their jobs as a result of the court's dissolution.

(c) To subjugate the insurgents, the British used all available inhibitory methods. In the north Republic of India, jurisprudence was required. The normal processes of law and order were stopped, and rebellion was punishable by death. Landlords who were disobedient were frequently rewarded.

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