Basavanna was the leader of a new religious movement in Karnataka. His disciples were known as Virashaivas (Shiva heroes) or Lingayats (wearers of the linga).
Paupens from rural regions are migrating to cities for two reasons: (i) To find a job or employment. By the mid-nineteenth century, these towns had grown into large cities from which the new rulers ruled the country. (ii) Towns were frequently defined as opposed to rural regions.
Gandhiji reminded the higher castes in one town, Wasna, that "if you are out for Swaraj, you must serve untouchables." For Swaraj, you must make apologies for the wrongs you committed against the untouchables. Hindus, Muslims, Parsis, and Sikhs must band together to achieve Swaraj.
“The mid-first century BCE is frequently recognised as a watershed moment in world history.” due to the following reasons: i. Thinkers such as Zarathustra in Iran, Kongzi in China, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle in Greece, and Mahavira and Gautama Buddha in India emerged during this period. ii. The New Kingdom and cities were growing. iii. Many novel ideas are contained in the Upanishads, such as life after death, the meaning of life, the concept of reincarnation, and so on. iv. Mahayana Buddhism, Vaishnavism, Shaivism, and goddess cults develop. v. The socioeconomic landscape was shifting.
The kinship relations changed are as follows: i. Kinsmen claimed the throne, and women such as Prabhavati Gupta wielded authority in rare situations. ii. Sons might claim their fathers' power under patriline. iii. Men earned money by Manusmriti-directed ways like inheritance, labour, and so forth. iv. While males were vital for the patriliny's continuation, daughters had no claim to the household's wealth. v. Kanyadana, or the giving of a daughter in marriage, was a significant religious obligation for the parent.
Individuals are given prominence in early Buddhist thought, particularly in the teachings of elders or theravada. Individual effort is what will bring him to Nibbana. There is no such thing as a saviour, and the concept of God is seen as irrelevant. Because it is individual effort that leads to enlightenment, the existence of God does not assist you to achieve it. The Buddha emphasised individual agency and righteous conduct as a method of breaking free from the cycle of reincarnation and achieving self-realization and nibbana – literally the extinguishing of the ego and desire – and thereby ending the circle of misery for those who abandoned the world. As previously said, there was no idea of a saviour, no one on whom one could rely, thus we discover that early Buddhist teachings placed a high value on self-effort in reaching Nibbana.
The stupa (a Sanskrit term for a heap) began as a modest semi-circular earthen mound known as the anda. The harmika, a balcony-like structure that depicted the gods' dwelling, was located above the anda. A mast called the yastii rose from the Harmika, typically topped by a chatri or umbrella. A barrier surrounded the mound, isolating the sacred sanctuary from the secular world beyond. Except for the stone fences, which resembled a bamboo or wooden fence, and the entrances, which were elaborately carved and erected at the four cardinal points, the early stupas at Sanchi and Bhrahut were simple. Worshippers entered by the eastern doorway and traversed the mound clockwise, keeping the mound on the right, mimicking the sun's path across the sky. Later, the stupa mounds were artistically carved with niches and sculptures, as seen at Amaravati and Shah-ji-ki-Dheri in Peshawar (Pakistan).
Following Krishnadeva Raya's death in 1529, tensions within the imperial structure began to emerge as his successors were disturbed by rebellious nayakas, or military leaders. By 1542, the dominance of the centre had transferred to another reigning family, the Aravidu, who held power till the end of the 17th century. During this time, as well as before, military aspirations of the kings of Vijayanagara and the Deccan Sultanates resulted in shifting alliances. This eventually led to a Sultanate coalition against Vijayanagara. In 1565, Rama Raya, Vijayanagara's chief minister, led his army into combat at Rakshasi Tangadi (also known as Talikota), when his forces were destroyed by the united armies of Bijapur, Ahmadnagar, and Golconda.Vijayanagar was sacked by the conquering army. Within a few years, the city was completely abandoned. The empire's attention turned to the east, where the Aravidu dynasty reigned from Penukonda, and then from Chandragiri (near Tirupati)