British were keen to make familiar landscape of Bombay because of the following two reasons 1. They wanted to make European style buildings so that they could feel home in the colony. 2. The British felt that European styles would best symbolize their superiority, authority and power.
He was initiated into bhakti by a guru, Ramananda. Ultimate Reality is that which is the primal cause of the existence of the universe and all beings. He says that we think of that reality as God and have different names but we know that God is beyond forms and attributes that we can ascribe to Him.
We call Mahabharata as dynamic text because of the following reasons : 1. The growth of the Mahabharata did not stop with the Sanskrit version. 2. Over the centuries, versions of the epic were written in a variety of languages through an ongoing process of dialogue between peoples, communities, and those who wrote the texts. 3. Several stories that originated in specific regions or circulated amongst certain people found their way into the epic. 4. The central story of the epic was often retold in different ways. 5. Episodes were depicted in sculpture and painting. They also provided themes for a wide range of performing arts—plays, dance and other kinds of narrations.
1. Some archaeologists are of the opinion that Harappan society had no rulers and that everybody enjoyed equal status. 2. Others feel there was no single ruler but several, that Mohenjodaro had a separate ruler, Harappa another and so forth. 3. Yet others argue that there was a single state, given the similarity in artifacts, the evidence for planned settlement, the standardized ratio of brick size and the establishments near sources of raw material. 4. Of all, the last theory seems the most plausible as it is unlikely that entire communities could have collectively made and implemented such complex decisions.
Domingo Paes and Abdur Razzaq were highly impressed with the fortification of Vijaynagar empire as is evident from their descriptions of the fortifications. According to Abdur, the important feature of the Vijaynagar fortification was its incorporation of the agricultural tracts, because the rulers were well prepared to face the sieges and its consequences. A second line of fortification went around the inner core of the urban complex and a third line surrounded the royal center, within which each set of major buildings was surrounded by its own high walls. The fort was entered through well-guarded gates leading to the major roads. Gateways were with defined architectural features. The arch on the gateway leading into the fortified settlement as well as the dome over the gate are regarded as typical features of the architecture introduced by the Turkish Sultans. Paes observed that from the outer wall of the fort till the palace there were lots of fields of rice and there was a good irrigation system where water came from two lakes.
Since most of the rebels were sepoys and other leaders who were illiterate it is difficult to know what the rebels thought but they used different techniques to propagate their ideas. 1. They issued proclamations and ishtaros (notifications) to propagate their ideas. 2. They also resorted to prophecy so that people can get involved in hope of early freedom. E.g. the prophecy that British rule will come to an end in the 100 years of Battle of Plassey of 1857. 3. The rebels tried to unify Hindus and Muslims and propagated that rebellion is a war in which both Hindus and Muslims had equally to lose or gain. 4. The ishtahar sharked back to the pre-British Hindu-Muslim past and glorified the coexistence of different communities under the Mughal Empire. 5. They also used techniques like secret propagation through under-ground workers. For E.g., Distribution of chapatis and lotus flowers as a symbol of revolt.