Solution

John Marshall was the Director General of Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) from 1902 to 1928. He was known for excavations in Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Sanchi, Sarnath and Taxila.

Solution

Both condemned Brahmanical norms like rituals and opposed caste system, but Nayanars worshiped Shiva in both Linga and idol form while Lingayats worshiped only linga forms.

Solution

1. Introduction of the railways made hills accessible to a wide range of people.
2. Setting up of tea and coffee plantations which caused an influx of immigrant labor from the plain.

Solution

1. Europeans recreated settlements reminiscent of their homes.
2.Buildings were built in European style.
3. Churches and educational institutions were set up by the British.
4. They were the summer capital for the British Government like Simla, Nainital, Ooty etc.
Reasons for changes are :
Climatic change
Deforestation.

Solution

The mid millennium BCE a turning point in world history:
1. Emergence of various thinkers like Socrates, Buddha etc., in different parts of the world.
2.Emergence of Upanishads in India.
3. Attempt to understand the mystery of existence, ultimate reality etc.
4. Attempt to understand life after death.
5. To understand the relationship between humans and cosmic order.
6. Compilation of Rig Veda.
7. Sacrificial tradition existed and was questioned,
8. Philosophical debates to understand the world in Kutagrashala.

Solution

Barbosa has described a detailed account of Vijaynagar rulers, economic and social life of the empire. Four aspects observed by Barbosa are given below:
1. Most of the houses were thatched but well built.<br.
2. Houses were arranged according to the occupation of the people in long streets in many open places.
3. The whole nagar was surrounded by a mountain, a river, and a good wall.
4. There were many jewels which were brought from Pegu and Celani and in the country itself many diamonds are found.

Solution

Two inherent problems that were faced by Al-Baruni were:
1. Language : Al-Baruni was familiar only with Arabic and Persian and could not understand Sanskrit Language.
2. Difference in religious beliefs and practices. Two sources that provide him the support were :
(a). Vedas and Puranas
(b). The Bhagwad Geeta and Manusmriti.

Solution

Paharis were the main residents of the Rajmahal hills. They practiced Jhuming cultivation. They were very close to nature. In the 1770s, the British embarked on a brutal policy of extermination, hunting the Paharis down and killing them. Then by the 1780s, Augustus Cleveland, proposed a policy of pacification. But this was refused by Paharis. As the Paharia pacification campaign continued, the Paharis withdrew deep into the mountains carrying a war with outsiders. But by this time, there were new intimations of danger from Santhals. Santhals were pouring into the area, clearing forest, cutting down timber, plowing land and growing rice and cotton. As the lower hills were taken over by Santhal setders, the Paharia receded deeper into the Rajmahal hills. If Paharia life was symbolized by the Hoe, the Santhals came to represent the power of plow.

Solution

British were felt that the soil of Awadh was very good for producing indigo and cotton and the region was ideally located to be developed into the principal market of upper India. Lord Dalhousie had carried out Awadh annexation in 1856 which created the dissatisfaction among the people of Awadh. Here the Nawab Wajid Ali Shah was dethroned and exiled to Calcutta on the plea that the region was being mis-governed. He was widely loved and when he left his beloved Lucknow, there were many who followed him all the way to Kanpur singing songs of lament. This emotional upheaval was aggravated by immediate material losses. The removal of Nawab led to the dissolution of the court and its culture. Thus a whole range of people—musicians, dancers, poets, artisans, cooks, retainers, administrative officers and so on lost their livelihood. Taluqdars and sepoys were rendered jobless and powerless.

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