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Q1
Who was R.E.M. Wheeler ? Mention any one of his contribution in the field of Archaeology.

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Q2
Point out any two similarities between the philosophy of Kabir and Guru Nanak Dev ?

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Q3
The problems of Archaeological interpretation are perhaps most evident in the attempts to reconstruct religious practices of Harappans. Explain ?

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Q4
“The village panchayat during the Mughal / period regulated rural society.” Explain the
statement.

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Solution

1. The village Panchayat was an assembly of elders of important people of the village. They had hereditary landed properties.
2. The panchayat represented various castes and communities in the village but it was dominated by the Brahmanas and the Kshatriyas.
3. The menial-cum-agricultural worker was unlikely to be represented.
4. The Panchayat was headed by a headman known as muqaddam or mandal.
5. The headman was chosen by consensus by the village elders. This was ratified by the zamindar.
6. The headmen held office as long as they t enjoyed the confidence of the village elders, failing which could be dismissed by them
7. The chief function of the headman was to ‘ supervise the preparation of village accounts,
assisted by the accountant or patwari.
8. The mandals often misused their positions, for under assessing the revenue from their own lands and passing the burden to the smaller cultivator.
9. The funds came from contributions made by the individuals to a common pool.
10. This money was used for looking after the state revenue officials who visited the village, community welfare activities during natural calamities like floods, construction of a bund or digging a canal etc.
11. The panchayat ensured that caste boundaries among the various communities of the village were upheld to prevent any offense against their caste. In eastern India, all marriages were held in the presence of the mandal.
12. Panchayats also had the authority to impose fines. They could give severe punishment like expulsion from the community, thus forcing a person forced to leave the village and losing his right to practice his profession.
13. Each caste or jati in the village had its own jati panchayat with considerable power.
14. InRajasthan jati, panchayats took care of civil disputes, land marriages, ritual precedence in village functions regarding members of different castes.
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2016

Q1
Who was R.E.M. Wheeler ? Mention any one of his contribution in the field of Archaeology.

Solution

Q2
Point out any two similarities between the philosophy of Kabir and Guru Nanak Dev ?

Solution

Q3
The problems of Archaeological interpretation are perhaps most evident in the attempts to reconstruct religious practices of Harappans. Explain ?

Solution

Q4
“The village panchayat during the Mughal / period regulated rural society.” Explain the
statement.

Solution

Subjects

2016

Q1 Who was R.E.M. Wheeler ? Mention any one of his contribution in the field of Archaeology.

Solution

Q2 Point out any two similarities between the philosophy of Kabir and Guru Nanak Dev ?

Solution

Q3 The problems of Archaeological interpretation are perhaps most evident in the attempts to reconstruct religious practices of Harappans. Explain ?

Solution

Q4 “The village panchayat during the Mughal / period regulated rural society.” Explain the statement.

Solution

Subjects

Q1
Who was R.E.M. Wheeler ? Mention any one of his contribution in the field of Archaeology.

Q2
Point out any two similarities between the philosophy of Kabir and Guru Nanak Dev ?

Q3
The problems of Archaeological interpretation are perhaps most evident in the attempts to reconstruct religious practices of Harappans. Explain ?

Q4
“The village panchayat during the Mughal / period regulated rural society.” Explain the
statement.