Solution

Brahmanical ideas during 600 BCE-600 CE :
(a) In Sanskrit texts populations whose social practices were not influenced by Brahmanical ideas are often described as odd, uncivilized, or even animal-like.
(b) In some instances, these included forest-dwellers- for whom hunting and gathering remained an important means of subsistence.
(c) Categories such as the Nishada, to which Ekalavya is supposed to have belonged, are examples of this.
(d) While the Brahmanas considered some people as being outside the system, they also developed a sharper social divide by classifying certain social categories as “untouchables'' but historians have tried to find out whether chandalas accepted the life of degradation prescribed in the shastras.
(e) Hidimba married Bhima against the social practices prescribed in the Dharmashastras.
(f) Others who were viewed with suspicion included the population such as Pastoralists.
(g) Whenever brahmanical authorities encountered new groups which did not easily fit into the fourfold varna system they classified them as Jatis.
(h) Others who were viewed with suspicion included populations such as nomadic pastoralists, who could not be easily accommodated within the framework of settled agriculturists who spoke non-Sanskritic languages were labeled as Melachhas.

Solution

The Mahanavami Dibba is located on one of the highest points in the city. It is a very large platform rising from a base of about 11,000 feet to a height of 40 feet. The platform must have supported a wooden structure and other perishable material during festivals. The base of the platform is covered with relief carvings.
Rituals and Practices:
(a) Rituals associated with the structure must have coincided with Mahanavami of the ten day Hindu festival during the autumn months of September and October, known variously as Dussehra (North India), Durga Puja (West Bengal) and Navratri (Peninsular India).
(b) Ceremonies performed on the occasion included worship of image, worship of the state horse, and the sacrifice of buffaloes and other animals.
(c) Dances, wrestling, procession of horse elephants and chariots as ritual presentations before the king.
(d) On the last day of the festival, the king inspected his army and armies of nayaks in a grand ceremony in an open field.
(e) The Nayakas brought gifts and tribute for the king. It had two of the most impressive platforms, the “Audience Hall” and the “Mahanavami Dibba”. The entire complex was surrounded by high double walls with a street running between them.
(f) The audience hall was a high platform with slots for wooden pillars at close and regular intervals. It had a staircase going up to the second floor. The pillars were closely spaced.

Solution

Features of Virupaksha and Vitthala temples :
Virupaksha temple:
(a) It was built over centuries, maybe during the ninth or tenth centuries as suggested in the inscription.
(b) It is dedicated to Lord Virupaksha, the guardian deity of the kingdom.
(c) It is decorated with carved pillars.
(d) There are many big halls which are used for marriages, social programmes and other social occasions.
(e) Rulers indicated close links with God using the title “Hindu Suratrana”.
(f) King's visits to temples along with Amaranayakas were important occasions.
Vitthala Temple :
(a) The Principal deity of this important shrine is Vitthala, a form of Lord Vishnu.
(b) Temple has several halls and a unique shrine designed as a chariot.
(c) A feature of temple complexes is the chariot streets that extend from temple Gopuram in a straight line.
(d) These streets were paved with stone slabs and lined with pillared pavilions in which merchants set up their shops.

Solution

About the Non-Cooperation Movement, Louis Fisher wrote, “it became the name of an epoch in the history of India, the land of Gandhiji ''. The Non-Cooperation Movement was negative for the British ruler but at the same time was peaceful and positive enough to be effective. It was in South Africa, he first focussed on the distinctive technique of nonviolent protest known as Satyagraha and promoted harmony between religions.
1. He successfully organized Satyagraha at Champaran (1917), Ahmedabad and Khera (1918). ,Ths was the beginning of Gandhi ji's popularity among the public.
2. After the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, he called for a campaign of non-cooperation with British rule and joined hands with the Khilafat movement.
3. Gandhiji became popular amongst Indians because he dressed like them, lived like them and spoke their language.
4. When he was in prison in 1924, he devoted himself in constructive work like promotion of home spun khadi clothes, abolition of untouchability, Hindu-Muslim unity.
5. He also promoted the concept of self rule through the charkha.
6. Gandhiji displayed a concern for the laboring poor of India, as he believed that salvation for India could come only through the farmers and workers who constituted the majority of the Indian population.(reference to BHU speech).
7. He wanted Indian nationalism, from being an elite phenomenon- a creation of lawyers, doctors and landlords, to nationalism more suitably representative of the Indian people as a whole.
8. He popularized Satyagraha.
9. Non-Cooperation-a much wider and popular Movement in terms of participation from all sections, widespread over 10. India, participation by both Hindus and Muslims-Khilafat & Non Cooperation, a united Challenge to British imperialism like never before under his leadership.

Solution

1. The British adopted a policy of divide and rule and encouraged communal politics in India.
2. Encouragement to formation of Muslim League. The demand for a Separate Electorate for Muslims was agreed to by the British in 1909 which began to dig a big gap between the two communities.
3. Govt of India Act 1919 expanded the communal electorate and thus the gap between the two kept increasing.
4. Development in the 1920s. — Tabligh, Tanzim and Shuddhi movement music before the mosque.
5. Jinnah’s two nation theory also instigated feelings of alienation and difference between the two communities.
6. In 1940 in the Lahore session, the Muslim League placed their demand for autonomous province with Muslim majority. Aim of the Muslim League was to establish an autonomous state in the north western and eastern parts of India.
7. Indian National Congress began the Quit India Movement but the Muslim League did not support it.
8. The proposal of the Cabinet Mission was first accepted by the Muslim League and the Congress but soon the Muslim League rejected it and refused to take part in the Interim Govt. Communal violence in 1946, erupted in 1946, which was a result of the direct action called on by the Muslim League and other such factors.
9. Mountbatten Plan endorsed a separate nation for Muslims and partitioned India.
10. Hindu Muslim riots after partition of India.

Solution

1. (i) Buddha’s teachings were compiled by his followers at a council of elders of senior monks. (ii) Mahavira’s teachings were also recorded/ compiled by his disciples.
2. The queen Kamlawati tried to persuade her husband to renounce the world. She said “The treasures of the whole world will be able to save you. When you die, O King and leave all things behind, dhamma alone, and nothing else, will save you. As a bird dislikes the cage, I do dislike the world. I shall live like a nun without offspring, without desire, without the love of gain, and without hatred”.
3. The three principles of Jainism are :
(a) Life exists even in rocks and stones normally considered non-living. (b) The principle of non-violence is practiced in extreme form in Jainism. No harm should be caused to anyone* including non-living. (c) The cycle of birth and rebirth is shaped through karma, one must practice asceticism and penance to free oneself from this cycle of Karma. It is possible when one renounces the world. So, one has to live in a monastery to attain salvation. (d) Jain monks and nuns have to take vows to observe the following:
a. Not to kill anyone.
b. Not to steal anything.
c. Not tell lies.
d. Not to possess property.
e. To observe celibacy.

Solution

1. The Emperor observed that technology used for irrigation was that people water by means of a wheel. They make two circles of rope to suit the depth of the well, fix strips of wood between them, and on these fasten pitchers (Earthen pot, Ghara). Such ropes are put over the wheel-well. At one end of the wheel axle, a second wheel is fixed. And close to it another on an upright axle. The last wheel the bullock turns and thus the wheel with pitchers is turned. A trough is set where the water empties from the pitchers and from this water is conveyed everywhere. 2. Most of Hindustan's country is situated on level land. This had many towns and cultivated lands, but nowhere had running water. Water was required to water young trees. 3. Factors which are responsible for the expansion of agriculture in India :
a. Its level land which can be cultivated without running water.
b. Autumn crops can grow by the down pour of the rains.
c. Spring crops grow even when no rains fall.
d. Better irrigation technology.
e. The abundance of land.
f. Availability of labor.
g. Mobility of peasants.

Solution

1. Mirza Ghalib the famous Urdu poet who described what the people of Delhi did when the British forces occupied the city in 1857.
2. Reasons of British attack on Delhi:
a. Rebels recognised the symbolic value of Delhi.
b. To establish British control over the heels.
c. To uproot the parallel government set up by the rebels.
d. To suppress the revolt of 1857.
3. As the three gates, the Ajmeri Gate, Turkman gate and Delhi gate were in control of rebels, people who saw with naked eyes, spectacle of this vengeful wrath and malevolent hatred, fled through these three gates. Seeking the little villages and shrines outside the city, wherever they could find safe shelter.

Solution