1. The variety of materials used to make beads is remarkable: stones like carnelian, jasper, crystal, quartz and steatite; Metals like copper, bronze and gold; and shell, faience and terracotta or burnt clay. 2. Steatite, a very soft stone, was easily worked. 3. Some beads were molded out of a paste made with steatite powder.
The most distinctive feature of Harappan cities was the carefully planned drainage system. In the lower town, the roads and streets were laid out along an approximate “grid” pattern, intersecting at right angles. If the domestic wastewater has to flow into street drains, every house needs to have at least one wall along a street. Every house was connected to the street drains. The main channels were made of bricks set in mortar and were covered with loose bricks or lime stones that could be removed for cleaning. House drains were first emptied into a sump or cess pit into which solid matter settled while waste water flowed out into the street drains. Very long drainage channels were provided at intervals with sumps for cleaning. Drainage systems were not unique to the larger cities but were found in smaller sediments as well.
Islam and its principles were permeated far and wide through the subcontinent due to the following: 1. Islam said that there is one God,’Allah and Prophet Mohammad its messenger. 2. Offering the prayers five times a day (Namaz/Salat). 3. Giving alms (Zakat). 4. Fasting during the month of Ramzan. 5. Performing the pilgrimage to Mecca (Haj).
1. The fifth report was submitted to the British Parliament in 1813 about administration activities of “East India Company”. 2. There were many groups in Britain who were opposed to the monopoly of trade that “East India Company” had with India and China. These groups wanted revocation against this rule for lifting monopoly. 3. It ran into 1002 pages, of which over 800 pages were appendices that reproduced petitions of zamindars and ryots, reports of collectors from different districts. 4. It carried statistical tables on revenue returns, and notes on the revenue and judicial administration of Bengal and Madras. 5. Information about company misrule and maladministration was hotly debated in Britain and incidence of the greed and corruption of company officials was widely publicized in the press. 6. The British parliament passed a series of acts in late 18th century to regulate the control of company rule in India and appointed committees to enquire into the such report produced by a select committee.
1. Mahatma Gandhi led a march against the British monopoly in the manufacture and sale of salt. 2. He gave his blessing to the all India campaign in opposition to the All White Simon Commission and the Bardoli Satyagraha in 1928. 3. He supported the Lahore session of INC. He gave instructions for the observation of ‘Independence Day’ and hoisting of the national flag on 26th January, 1930. 4. Mobilized a wider discontent against British rule. 5. 12 March, 1930 Gandhiji broke the salt law meanwhile, parallel salt marches were being conducted. 6. For Swaraj, Hindus, Muslims, Parsis and Sikhs were united steps towards Swaraj. 7. It was the first nationalist activity in which women participated in large numbers. 8. Every strata of people joined the revolt, students, lawyers, officials, peasants, workers, women, traders all joined the movement. It was a mass movement. The salt march was notable for at least three reasons : a. Mahatma Gandhi got the world's attention. The march was widely covered by the European and American press. b. Women participated in large numbers. c. The salt march forced upon the British the realization that their Raj would not last forever.
1. Only about 10 to 12 percent of the population enjoyed the right to vote. 2. The Congress did well in the elections, winning an absolute majority in five out of eleven provinces and forming governments in seven of them. 3. It did badly in the constituencies reserved for Muslims, but the Muslim League also fared poorly. 4. The League failed to win a single seat in the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) 5. In the United Provinces, the Muslim League wanted to form a joint government with the Congress 6. The Congress had won an absolute majority in the province, so it rejected the offer. 7. Some scholars argue that this rejection convinced the League that if India remained united, then Muslims would find it difficult to gain political power because they would remain a minority. 8. The League represented Muslim interests. 9. The Congress ministries also contributed to the widening rift. 10.In the United Provinces, the party had rejected the Muslim League proposal for a coalition government partly because the League tended to support landlordism, which the Congress wished to abolish. 12. The congress ministries resigned in October 1939.