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Types of rural settlement are determined by the following physical factors :
Climate: Arid and semi-arid climates are unsuitable for rural settlements. People choose to live in regions where the weather is pleasant. The plains of North India, deltaic regions, and coastal plains have a bigger population and dense settlements. There are dispersed communities in difficult climate locations.
Fertile soils are essential for agriculture and related activities. In fertile alluvial plains, clustered communities are common. They come in a variety of shapes, including rectangular, radical, and linear.The shape and size of rural villages are governed by the terrain's characteristics. The shape and size of rural settlements in plain areas are compact or grouped and larger, with a higher population density.
The shape and size of rural settlements in plain areas are compact or grouped and larger, with a higher population density. On the other hand, they are dispersed and tiny in size in hilly and mountainous terrain. Dispersed villages in the form of isolated huts can be seen in such locations. Meghalaya, Uttrakhand, and Himachal Pradesh are home to them.

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Industry is a major source of water pollution because it produces pollutants that are extremely damaging to people and the environment, such as wastes, contaminated waste water, poisonous gases, chemical residues, many heavy metals, dust, smoke, and so on. Many industrial operations discharge waste into rivers, lakes, and seas using freshwater, either directly or indirectly dumping toxins into water bodies without proper treatment. Pollution has an impact on the entire biosphere, including the plants and species that live in these bodies of water. Leather, pulp and paper, textiles, and chemicals are the most polluting industries.

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The mortality rate is a measurement of the number of deaths per unit of time in a given population.The mortality rate is measured in deaths per 1,000 people each year. The demographic structure, social advancement, and level of economic development of a region all influence the mortality rate.The following are the driving forces behind emigration:

Unemployment carries a lot of people who are unable to fend for their living outside the cities and countries in search of better opportunities.
Poor living conditions
Political turmoil
Unpleasant climate
Natural disasters

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Pipelines are widely used to transport water, oil, natural gas, and other liquids in a continuous flow.From the producing areas to the consuming areas, the United States of America has a dense network of oil pipelines. Big Inch is a well-known pipeline that transports.
Pipelines connect oil wells to refineries in Europe, Russia, and West Asia. COMECON, with a length of 4800 kilometres, is the world's longest pipeline. It delivers mineral oil from Russia's Volga and Ural rivers to countries in eastern Europe.
Oil is delivered by pipeline from Saudi Arabia to Iraq and other nations in the Middle East, as well as to refineries on the Mediterranean coast (6550 Km).
Pipelines connect oil wells to refineries and ultimately to industrial belts in North IndiaThe HBJ pipeline, which runs through North Western India and is extended to Delhi, is critical for the region's economic development.Central Asian oil-producing countries, such as Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan, send petroleum and natural gas to Turkey and Russia through pipeline.petroleum from Gulf of Mexico oil wells to the northeastern states.

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Human development is, without a doubt, a complicated idea, because it has long been assumed that development is a substantial concept. It will address all of society's socio-cultural and environmental concerns once it is attained. Though development has improved people's quality of life, it has also exacerbated regional disparities, social inequities, discrimination, deprivation, and population relocation in multiple ways.
Given the importance and sensitivity of the issues at hand, the UNDP attempted to correct some of the inherent biases and prejudices in its 1993 human development report. The key issues in the 1993 human development report were people's participation and security. It also stressed the importance of progressive democratisation and strengthening people's empowerment as prerequisites for human development.
The 'civil societies' should try to generate public support for a cut in military spending. Peace and well-being are key worldwide concerns in a nuclearized world.

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