Solution

Mass of sucrose (W) = 10 g
Mass of water = 90 g
Molecular mass of sucrose = 342 g/mol
Molecular weight of water = 18 g /mol
ΔTբ=Kբm
ΔTբ = Tբ
ΔTբ= Kբm (solvent) - Tբ (solution)
ΔTբ=273.15−269.15=4
For sucrose solution,
m=10/90× 1000/342 =1000/3078
m = 0.325
So ΔTբ=Kբ×m
=4/0.325=12.31k Kg/mol
For Glucose solution,
ΔTբ=Kբ×m
=12.3×(10×1000/180×90)=7.6
ΔTբ=T (solvent) - T (Solution)
Thus,
T (solvent) = 273.15 - 7.6 = 265.55 K
Hence, the freezing point of 10% glucose in water is 265.5K.

Solution

(a) Given:
Current = 2 amperes
Time = 15 minutes
Molar mass of Ag = 108 g mol⁻¹
1F = 96500 C mol⁻¹
Amount of metal deposited (m) = ZQ
Q = It = 2 × 15 × 60 = 1800 C
Silver deposited Ag ⁺ + 2e⁻ → Ag(s)
1 mole of electron or 1 × 96500 C of current deposit silver = 108 g
1800 C of current will deposit = 108×(1800/96500)
Hence, the amount of Ag deposited = 2.01g
(b) A fuel cell is a device that converts the energy released by the combustion of fuels into electrical energy.

Solution

(i) Coordination isomerism is the type of isomerism displayed by this complex. The interchange of ligands between cationic and anionic entities of distinct metal ions present in a complex causes this sort of isomerism. [Cr(NH₃)₆]Co(CN)₆] is its isomer.
(ii) Ni is in the +2 oxidation state with electronic configuration 3d⁸ in [Ni(H₂O)₆]². The two unpaired electrons do not pair up in the presence of the weak ligand H₂O, resulting in the complex having two impaired electrons. As a result, it is coloured and exhibits d-d transitions that absorb red light while emitting green complementary light.
In the case of [Ni(CN)₄]²⁻, Ni likewise has a +2 oxidation state, but the CN ligand is a strong ligand, therefore two unpaired electrons couple, resulting in no d-d transitions and no colour.
(iii) Pentaamminecarbonatocobalt(III) chloride.

Solution

(i) ● Lyophilic colloids: Colloidal sols directly formed by mixing substances like gum, gelatine, starch, rubber, etc., with a suitable liquid (the dispersion medium) are called lyophilic sols (liquid-loving).
● Lyophobic colloids: Substances like metals, their sulphides, etc., when simply mixed with the dispersion medium do not form the colloidal sol. Their colloidal sols can be prepared only by special methods. Such sols are called lyophobic sols. Example, metals, their sulphides etc.
(ii) ● Colloid- Tyndall effect is observed.
● Solution- Tyndall effect is not observed.
(iii) ● Homogeneous catalysis is the catalysis in which the reactants and the catalysts are in the same phase.
● Heterogeneous catalysis is the catalysis in which the reactants and the catalysts are in the different phases.

Solution

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Solution

<p>1. 1-Bromopentane is most reactive towards Sɴ2 reaction.</p>

<p>Reason- Primary alkyl halides are most reactive for Sɴ2 reaction as it follows the order 1.</p>

<p><img alt="" src="https://imagedelivery.net/HpP6TwyM91IVKvXTR1TJrw/87f8defd-d423-451c-2a37-62094b869900/public" /></p>

<p>2. 2-Bromopentane is optically active.</p>

<p><img alt="" src="https://imagedelivery.net/HpP6TwyM91IVKvXTR1TJrw/3ae177fa-d592-4d8a-c99f-cb2fe7bb7700/public" /></p>

<p>Reason- From the chemical structure it can be observed that 2-Bromopentane has a chiral carbon in it.</p>

<p>3. 2-Bromo-2-methyl butane is most reactive towards -elimination reaction.</p>

<p>Reason-</p>

<p><img alt="" src="https://imagedelivery.net/HpP6TwyM91IVKvXTR1TJrw/b9778a0e-9406-4ebd-ac65-237219956c00/public" /></p>

<p>The ease of -elimination of alkyl halides increases as the number of -Hydrogen increases. Thus, the reactivity order is:</p>

<p>Tertiary (has three -Hydrogen) , Secondary (has two -hydrogen) , Primary (has one & beta;-hydrogen).</p>

Solution

(a) Method- Refining of germanium is done by the zone-refining method.
Principle- The impurities are more soluble in the melt of metal than in the solid state of the metal.
(b) Because PbS, or sulphide ore, has a greater tendency to attach to the oil that floats on top of the water, which is lighter and easier to skim off. Hence, PbS is concentrated using the froth flotation process.
(c) Leaching of alumina is done to remove the impurities like SiO₂ by using NaOH solution and pure alumina is obtained.

Solution

<p><img alt="" src="https://imagedelivery.net/HpP6TwyM91IVKvXTR1TJrw/fad15212-b827-4731-6a7e-15c6604ec500/public" /></p>

<p><img alt="" src="https://imagedelivery.net/HpP6TwyM91IVKvXTR1TJrw/ba1668a7-0d7f-44ed-3b46-c5f926f3ce00/public" /></p>
or

img alt="" src="https://imagedelivery.net/HpP6TwyM91IVKvXTR1TJrw/ae37deb8-5a42-4991-a1ee-b14e6d15f200/public" /></p>

Solution

<p><img alt="" src="https://imagedelivery.net/HpP6TwyM91IVKvXTR1TJrw/4c3083e6-8cd4-45f5-a51d-c3898f5ac900/public" style="height:500px; width:391px" /></p>

Solution

(i) Anionic detergent are sodium salts of sulphonated long chain alcohol or hydrocarbons/alkylbenzene sulphonate or detergents whose anionic part is involved in cleansing action.

(ii) Broad-spectrum antibiotics: Antibiotics which kill or inhibit a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

(iii) Antiseptics are chemical substances that inhibit the growth of microorganisms or kill them while causing no harm to living human tissue.