Q31
(a) Taking an example of a small pond, explain how the four components of an ecosystem function as a unit.
(b) Name the type of food chain that exists in a pond.
Solution
(a)The four components of the ecosystem that are seen to work and function together as a functional unit are productivity, decomposition, energy flow, and nutrient recycling.
All the above components are well exhibited in a pond ecosystem. The abiotic component is formed of all dissolved inorganic and organic substances and the soil deposited in pond bed. Solar input, temperature and climatic factors regulate the rate of productivity by phytoplanktons, algae and other aquatic plants. Consumers are represented by zooplankton, fishes and other water-dwelling animals that feed upon producer or their preceding trophic levels. Decomposers are represented by fungi, bacteria and other decomposers that help in nutrient cycling. The energy flow is carried out through the trophic levels. This way the four components interact and function as a complete unit to form a self-sustainable ecosystem.
(b)Grazing food chain
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