(i) Sodium is a group one element (Na) so its configuration is 2, 8, 1 and its valency is 1. Oxide has a valency of 2. So its formula would be Na₂O. Similarly, formula of X element of the first group would be X₂O.
Halide is any Halogen. Halogen has valency of 1. Group 13 elements have valency of 3. SO, The formula of halide(Y) of X element of group thirteen would be XY₃. For example, we take Aluminium (Al) its configuration is 2, 8, 3, the valency of Al is 3, the valency of Cl is 1 So, Formula would be AlCl₃ (Aluminium chloride).
Element of group 2(X²⁺) have valency of 2 and element of group 17(Y⁻) have valency of 1. Formula of these elements would be XY₂. Element of group 2, for example, Mg 2, 8, 2 its valency would be 2. Element of group 17 would be Cl 2, 8, 7 valency would be 1. Formula would be MgCl₂ (Magnesiun Chloride)
The three types of blood vessels are: Arteries: They carry oxygenated blood from the heart and transport it to organs. Veins: They carry deoxygenated blood from organs and take this blood to the heart. Capillaries: Arteries and veins divide to form arterioles and venules. The nutrients, hormones and gases can diffuse into the tissue cells through the walls of capillaries and vice versa.
<p>When bright light is focussed on our eyes it goes to the brain, the brain reverts back the message by motor neuron which contracts the pupil. The sequence of events which occur is as follows:</p>
In plants, growth, development and response to the environment are controlled and coordinated by a special class of chemical substances known as phytohormones. They are synthesised in minute amounts. (i) Gibberellins (ii) Cytokinins (iii) Abscisic acid (iv) Auxins
<p>Mendel used pea plant (Pisum sativum) when he crossed tall and short plants the progeny obtained in FI generation were tall. When the F1 plants were selfed the F2 generations showed three tall and one dwarf plant. The genotypic ratio of F2 generation is 1 : 2 : 1 (TT : Tt : Tt : tt)<br /> The phenotypic ratio is 3 : 1 (Tall : Dwarf)</p>
<p>Rainbow is an arch of colours visible in the sky, caused by the refraction and dispersion of the suns light by rain or other water droplets in the atmosphere. The colours of the rainbow are generally said to be red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.
The three methods by which we can reduce the problem of waste disposal are: 1. Adopting the 3R approach i.e;-Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. 2. Segregation of waste into biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste. 3. Conversion of waste into useful components like biogas and then using compost as a fertiliser.
<p>Ecosystem refers to the interaction of all the biotic and abiotic components present in a particular area. Energy flows across the trophic levels following the 10% law. Only 10% of the energy available to a trophic level is passed on to the next trophic level.Ecosystem refers to the interaction of all the biotic and abiotic components present in a particular area. Energy flows across the trophic levels following the 10% law. Only 10% of the energy available to a trophic level is passed on to the next trophic level.<img alt="" src="https://imagedelivery.net/HpP6TwyM91IVKvXTR1TJrw/b9100dea-435b-4583-6894-e82e9f279400/public" /></p> <p>1. For example 10,000J energy is available to the producer.<br /> 2. Then 1000J energy will be available to the primary consumer.<br /> 3. 100J energy will be available to secondary consumer.<br /> 4. 10J energy will be available to tertiary consumers.</p>