Solution

Solution

Transducer:Any device that converts one form of energy to another form is termed as a transducer. e.g. microphone which converts sound energy to electrical energy.
Repeater:It is a combination of receiver and transmitter. It is used to extend the range of signals and remove unwanted distortion and noise.

Solution

Solution

(i) Q has higher threshold frequency.
(ii)

Solution

Solution

By heavily doping both p and n sides of the junction, depletion region formed is very thin, i.e. < 10⁻⁶ m. Hence, the electric field across the junction is very high (~5 x 10⁶ V/m) even for a small reverse bias voltage. This can lead to a breakdown during reverse biasing.

If the input voltage increases/decreases then current through resistor Rs and Zener diode also increases/decreases. This increases/decreases the voltage drop across Rs without any change in voltage across the zener diode. This is because in the breakdown region, zener voltage remains constant even though the current through the zener diode changes.

Solution

Electron in a circular motion around the nucleus constitutes a current loop that behaves like a magnetic dipole.

The negative sign signifies that the angular momentum of the revolving electron is opposite in direction to the magnetic moment associated with it.

Solution

(a) Consider an electric dipole having charges -q and +q at separation ‘2a’. The dipole moment of dipole is p =q(2a), directed from -q to +q. The electric potential due to dipole is the algebraic sum of potentials due to charges +q and -q.