A coup took place in 1991 which was encouraged by Communist Party hardliners. Boris Yelstin opposed the coup because he was against the centralised control.
Non-alignment offered the newly decolonised countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America a third option—not to join either alliance. They started spreading the message of peaceful co-existence and mutual cooperation and also intervened in their activities, in order to soften the blow. It culminated the growing cold war tensions.
It was founded in 1979 by the Janata Party government, led by Prime Minister Morar Ji Desai, with the mission of identifying socially and educationally disadvantaged people. The commission proposed that such classes be given a 27 percent reserve in jobs and other sectors.
India had neither a negative nor a passive policy. It was not a 'fleeing away' policy. India, on the other hand, was in favour of acting aggressively in foreign events to ease Cold War rivalries. India attempted to calm tensions between the coalitions in order to prevent them from turning into a full-fledged war. During the Korean War, Indian diplomats and leaders communicated and mediated amongst Cold War adversaries.
Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh are the three primary socioeconomic and political regions of Jammu and Kashmir.
The Jammu region is made up of foothills and plains populated by an equal number of Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs who speak a variety of languages. The Kashmir region is made up of the Kashmir valley, where the people speak Kashmiri and are primarily Muslim with a tiny community of Kashmiri Hindus.
The state's primacy remains the uncontested foundation of political communin'. The state continues to carry out its core tasks (law and order, national security) while consciously withdrawing from areas where it no longer intends to be involved. States will continue to play an essential role. State capacity has benefited in some ways as a result of globalisation, with improved technologies at the state's disposal for collecting information about its citizens. The state is better able to rule with this information.
Among the CPI's famous leaders were A. K. Gopalan, S. A. Dange, E.M.S. Namboodlnipad, P. C. Joshi, Ajay Ghoshand P. Sundar raja. Following the ideological schism between the Soviet Union and China in 1964, the Party underwent a significant split. The CPI remained the pro-Soviet faction, while the CPI remained the anti-Soviet faction (M). Both of these parties are still active today.
The defeat of the official Congress candidate formalized the split in the Congress party. The Congress President expelled the Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi from the party. Indira Gandhi claimed that her group was the real Congress. By November 1969, the Congress group led by the ‘Syndicate’ came to be referred to as the Congress (Organization) and the group led by Indira Gandhi came to be called the Congress (Requisitionists). These two parties were also described as Old Congress and New Congress. Indira Gandhi projected the split as an ideological divide between Socialist and Conservatives, between the pro-poor and the pro-rich.
I Economic weakness: The economy was the primary source of dissatisfaction among the Soviet people. People were upset with the amount of money spent on the military and on satellite states. (ii) Political unaccountability: Corruption, nepotism, and a lack of openness were endemic, leading to a loss of trust and faith in the Soviet system.
(iii) Gorbachev's reforms: As a result of Michael Gorbachev's reforms, people began to demand more freedom. The desire evolved into a powerful force that was impossible to manage.
(iv) Rise of Nationalism: The most important and immediate reason of the breakup of the USSR is the rise of nationalism among countries such as Russia, the Baltic republics, Georgia, and others.
(v) The Soviet Union had reached a point of administrative and political inertia.
vi) As public view of the Soviet regime deteriorated, desires for independence arose in nations such as Estonia and Ukraine.