In 1815, representative of the European Powers Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria, who had collectively defeated Napolean, met at Vienna congress. The congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Mettemich. The delegates drew up the treaty.
The Bourbon dynasty, which was deposed during the French revolution was restored to power.
France lost the territories, it had annexed under Napolean.
A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France, to prevent French extension in future.
The Kingdom of Netherlands, including Belgium, was set up.
Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers while Austria was given control of Northern Italy.
In the east, Russia was given a part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.
The main intention was to restore the monarchies that have been overthrown by Napolean, and to create a new conservative order in Europe.
OR A movement by “HOA-HAO” began in 1939 and gained great popularity in fertile Mekong delta area. The movement played a significant role in arousing anti-imperialist sentiments in Vietnam.
It drew on religious ideas popular in Anti- French uprising of 19th century.
The founder HOA-HAO performed miracles and helped the poor. The name of this man was Huynh.
He criticised the useless expenditure and had a wide appeal.
He opposed the sale of child brides, gambling and the use of alcohol and opium.
Political parties often drew upon their support but were uneasy about their activities.
Significance of these movements in arousing imperialist sentiments should not be underestimated.
They could not control or discipline these groups nor support their rituals and practices.
The French tried to suppress the movement and put Huynh-Phu Su in a mental asylum. In 1941, the french authorities exiled him to Laos.
We agree with the statement that “Energy saved is energy produced”. Presently, India is one of the least energy-efficient countries in the world. We have to adopt a cautious approach for judicious use of our limited energy resources.
As concerned citizens, we can do our bit by using public transport systems such as buses, metro, etc., instead of individual vehicles, so that petrol, diesel, and CNG can be saved.
Switching off the electrical appliances when not in use. This will reduce the electricity bill and save energy simultaneously.
By using power saving devices, meaning in place of ordinary bulbs, and tube light, we can use LED bulbs, similarly, AC and other units which consume less power should be used.
Using a non-conventional source of energy i.e., as far as possible water heating and cooking can be done through solar energy.
In view of the above statements, “Energy saved is energy produced.”
India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods. There are about 70 jute mills in India, mainly along the banks of Hooghly River in West Bengal. Challenges faced by jute industries are:
Stiff competition in the international market from synthetic substitute and from other competitors like Bangladesh, Brazil, Phillipines, Egypt and Thailand.
Due to increase of demand, use of jute packaging material has increased, to fulfill this demand, the product needs to be diversified.
Objective of National Jute Policy:
Increasing productivity means jute industries should be given incentives.
Ensuring good prices to jute farmers.
Enhancing the yield per hectare by proper research in the field.
Efforts have been made and further efforts should be made for the reforms of political parties in India by parties themselves, or law of government or by the election commissioner.
The constitution was amended to prevent MLAs and MPs from changing parties to stop defection.
The supreme court passed an order to reduce the influence of money and criminals for active participation in fighting MLA/MP elections.
It is mandatory for every candidate who contests elections to file an affidavit giving details of his property and criminal cases pending against him.
The election commissioner paved an order making it necessary for political parties to hold their organizational elections and file their income tax returns.
Recently cash donations to political parties have been reduced to ₹ 2000. All cheque payments/transfer of money have to be shown in every party’s balance sheets.
The new system has made a lot of information available to the public regarding electing parties in India.
“Self Help Groups” help borrowers to overcome the problem of lack of collateral. The system of working can be explained by “Self Help Groups” in the following ways:
Group members are well known to each other. They belong to the same society.
Also, it is the group which is responsible for the repayment of the loan.
In case of non-repayment of loan by any member is followed up seriously by other members in the group.
Due to this feature, banks are willing to lend to the poor woman. When organised in SHGS, even though they have no substantial collateral.
The technology has contributed immensely in promoting the process of globalisation. Visible improvements in the field are:
Several improvements have been seen from the last fifty years in transportation technology.
This has made faster delivery of goods across long distances possible at cheaper costs.
In recent times, technology in the areas of telecommunication, computers, internet, mobiles have changed rapidly.
Technology has facilitated the satellite communication devices.
Telecommunication facilities are used to make contact with one another around the world at any time. The facility of video conferencing or one to one video calling has become common in present days. It also allows us to send instant electronic mail (e-mail), and voice mail across the world at negligible costs.