Solution

Four features of the ideology of Bhartiya Jana Sangh are :
1.Bharatiya Jana Sangh laid emphasis on the idea of one country, one culture and one nation.
2.Bharatiya Jana Sangh called for a reunion of India and Pakistan is Akhand Bharat.
3.It was a consistent advocate of India developing nuclear weapons.
4.The party wanted to replace English with Hindi as the official language of India and believed that the country could become modern, progressive and strong on basis of Indian culture and spacing traditions accommodating social Diversities.

Solution

The main components of India’s Nuclear Policy are as given below :
(i) India’s first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru had faith in science and technology for rapidly building a modern India. An important component of his industrialisation plans was the nuclear programme initiated under the guidance of Homi J. Bhabha.

(ii) India is in favour of use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes.

(iii) Nehru was against nuclear weapons.

(iv) India did not sign the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT) of 1968 because it considered it as discriminatory.

(v) After conducting its first nuclear test, India termed it as peaceful explosion.

Solution

Causes of conflict between India and China :
(i) CPEC: China Pakistan economic corridor is a road which starts from China and ends at Gwadar Port. This road passes through a disputed territory, Pakistan occupied Kashmir, which is a matter of conflict between both India and Pakistan since ages.

(ii) South China Sea: China claims their historical rights over South China sea. However, over a sea, no single nation can have claim. India and China are in constant conflict over this issue. They disagree on China’s claim of ownership.



(iii) NSG: India wants to be part of Nuclear Suppliers Group which has 48 countries. China has blocked India from joining this group. The reason given is that India is a non party to NPT—Non Proliferation treaty and thus can not be trusted with the membership.

(iv) China’s support to Pakistan in the UN and otherwise for their Nuclear programme is also a reason for their bitter relations.

Solution

The following factors led to the popularity of Indira Gandhi’s government in the early 1970s :

1) The 1971 elections were followed by the . crisis in East Pakistan and Indo-Pak war leading to the establishment of Bangladesh. These events increased the popularity of Indira Gandhi. Even the opposition leaders admired her statesmanship.
2) Indira Gandhi’s party swept the state assembly elections held in 1972 . She was seen as the protector of the poor and the under privileged as well as a strong nationalist leader.
3) In 1971, the constitution was amended to remove legal obstacles for abolition of privy purses. This added to the popularity of Indira Gandhi’s government among the masses.
4) She had given a famous positive slogan ‘Garibi Hatao’. She focused on growth of public sector. She had imposed ‘ceiling’ on rural land holdings and urban property to remove disparities in income and opportunity.

Solution

Solution

The cold war was an ideological conflict, a matter of power rivalries. It was a series of ideologies, sociological and political confrontations between the United States and Soviet Union, backed by their respective allies.

Solution

India took care to stay away from both the power blocs. It raised a voice against the newly decolonised countries becoming a part of these alliances. India favoured active intervening in world affairs to soften cold war rivalries.

Solution

Non-alignment allowed India to take international decisions and stances that served its interests rather than the interests of the superpowers and their allies.
India was often able to balance one superpower against the other. If India felt ignored or unduly pressurised by one superpower, it could tilt towards the others, neither alliance or power could take India for granted.

Solution

Solution

Post-Communist countries were the former Soviet republics which gave up communism after undergoing shock therapy.