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Class 12 > PYQ HISTORY > 2012 > Set 3

2012

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Q1
Mention any two strategies evolved by Brahmanas to enforce the norms about the ideal occupations for all the four Varnas, contained in Dharma sutras and Dharma Shastras.

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Solution

According to the varna hierarchy, two vocations were assigned to Kshatriyas:
1. Kshatriyas were warriors who were to participate in combat and safeguard the citizens.
2. Only Kshatriyas may be rulers, according to the Shastras.

Q2
Mention any two universal architectural features of Mosques.

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Solution

Mosques' universal architectural elements include:
1. The mosque's alignment is always facing Mecca, one of the sacred sites in Islam.
2. The location of the Mihrab (praying niche) and the Minbar emphasizes this direction even more (pulpit).

Q3
Why were Kanpur and Jamshedpur known as proper “Industrial Cities” ? Give any two reasons.

Free Response Question Hard View solution

Solution

Kanpur and Jamshedpur were recognized as prosperous industrial cities due to the following reasons:
1. Kanpur was known for its expertise in the manufacture of leather, wool, and cotton textiles.
2. Jamshedpur was a steel manufacturing center.

Q4
Describe briefly the drainage system of the Harappan cities.

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Solution

Harappan city drainage system:-
1. The drainage system was meticulously developed.
2. Roads and streets were built out in a rough grid layout that intersected at right angles.
3. Drains were installed in the streets, and the drains were covered.
4. The dwellings were constructed along them. Domestic wastewater had to be discharged into the storm drains.
5. The drains might be cleaned on a regular basis. The drains were constructed with burned bricks.

Q5
Describe the sources used to construct the history of the Mauryan Empire.

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Solution

Sources for the Mauryan Empire's history include:
1. Archaeological discoveries, particularly sculptures.
2. Accounts of Megasthenes, a Greek envoy to Chandragupta Maurya's court.
3. Arthashastra was written by Kautilya, who was usually thought to be Chandragupta's minister.
4. Buddhist, Jaina, and Puranic literature, as well as Sanskrit literary works, are all represented.
5. Asoka inscriptions on rocks and pillars

Q6
How do we come to know about Buddha’s teachings? Explain.

Free Response Question Hard View solution

Solution

Various Buddhist literature such as the Tripitakas or three baskets, as well as the Jataka stories, are two sources through which we learn about Buddha and his teachings.
The following sections discuss Buddha's teachings and the development of Buddhist beliefs and practises by the first century CE:
1. The world is fleeting and ever-changing.
2. It lacks spirit and contains nothing permanent.
3. Suffering is inextricably linked to human life.
4. People must strike a balance between harsh penance and self-awareness.
5. He encouraged the kings to conduct their affairs in an ethical and compassionate manner.
6. He intended everyone to contribute to the transformation of social relations.
7. He saw the social world as a fabrication of people rather than god.
8. He encouraged us to destroy the ego in our hearts in order to break the cycle of misery.
9. He stated that there is only one way to avoid reincarnation and achieve self-realization and Nirvana, and that is via virtuous behaviour on the part of the Person.
10. He founded the Sangha, an organisation of monks who became Dhamma instructors.
11. They were known as bhikkhus and bhikkhunis and lived on alms.

Q7
How are all families not identical? Explain the kind of variations, that occurred in ancient times.

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Solution

In ancient times, no two families were exactly the same. Each family's size varies according to the number of members, their relationships with one another, and the kind of activities they engage in.
Family relationships were based on blood relations and were defined in a variety of ways:
1. In ancient times, not all families were identical. Each family's size varies according on the number of members, their relationships with one another, and the kind of activities they engage in.
2. People from the same family shared their food and other resources. They collaborate on tasks and rituals.
3. Families are typically described as a network of people who are related or kinfolk.
4. Family relationships were based on blood relations and were defined in a variety of ways.

Q8
How and when were the ruins of Hampi brought to light? Explain briefly.

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Solution

In the early 1800s, Colin Mackenzie discovered the ruins of Hampi. He worked as an engineer, surveyor, and cartographer in India.
The following topics are explored below in relation to the evidences of Hampi's ruins:
1. Data obtained from priest of Virupaksha temple and Pampadevi (mother Goddess) shrine was his primary basis for reconstructing local history.
2. In 1836, epigraphists started gathering several dozen writings discovered in these temples and other Hampi temples. Photographers began documenting monuments for their study work in these disciplines as early as 1856.
3. Historians were able to reconstruct certain aspects of lively life in Hampi during those years because of the different reports provided by travellers.
4. Other literature in various vernacular languages such as Telugu, Kannada, Tamil, and Sanskrit have proven to be useful in appraising the ruins of Hampi by a number of well-known historians.
5. Scholars were able to rediscover Hampi, i.e. the Vijayanagara empire, thanks to oral traditions mixed with archaeological finds, monuments, inscriptions, and other documents.

Q9
Describe briefly the role of women in agrarian society during 16th and 17th centuries.

Free Response Question Hard View solution

Solution

The role of women in the agrarian society during 16-17 centuries were:-
1. In agricultural production, women played a significant part. In the fields, they toiled side by side with men. The ladies planted, weeded, and threshed the crop while the men tilled and ploughed the ground. At the time, agricultural production was done with the combined labour and resources of the whole community.
2. Spinning yarn, kneading clay for pottery, and needlework were among the main chores undertaken by the women. As a result, peasant women who were excellent artisans worked not just in the fields but also in their employers' homes and, if required, in the marketplaces.
3. Women had the right to inherit property among the landed nobility. The rural land market attracted women, particularly widows. They were selling property that they had inherited, particularly in Punjab.
4. Zamindaris were inherited by both Hindu and Muslim women. They may sell or mortgage their zamindari privileges at any time. Bengal had a large number of women zamindars in the eighteenth century. In reality, a woman led the Rajshah zamindari, which was one of the most prominent at the time.

Q10
“The keeping of exact and detailed records was a major concern of the Mughal administration”. Support the statement with facts.

Free Response Question Hard View solution

Solution

The Mughal government was very concerned about preserving accurate and thorough records. This is justifiable on the following grounds:
1. Mir Bakshi oversaw the court writers (Waquia navvis), who kept track of all applications and papers brought before the court, as well as any imperial directives (farman).
2. Nobles' and regional rulers' agents (Wakil) documented the whole court's proceedings under the headline "News from the Exalted Court," along with the date and hour of the court session (pahar).
3. The akhbarat held a variety of information, such as attendance at the court, the issuance of positions and titles, diplomatic missions, gifts received, and the emperor's inquiries into an officer's health.
4. All of this material is useful in chronicling the history of kings and nobles' public and private lives.

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2012

Q1 Mention any two strategies evolved by Brahmanas to enforce the norms about the ideal occupations for all the four Varnas, contained in Dharma sutras and Dharma Shastras.

Solution

Q2 Mention any two universal architectural features of Mosques.

Solution

Q3 Why were Kanpur and Jamshedpur known as proper “Industrial Cities” ? Give any two reasons.

Solution

Q4 Describe briefly the drainage system of the Harappan cities.

Solution

Q5 Describe the sources used to construct the history of the Mauryan Empire.

Solution

Q6 How do we come to know about Buddha’s teachings? Explain.

Solution

Q7 How are all families not identical? Explain the kind of variations, that occurred in ancient times.

Solution

Q8 How and when were the ruins of Hampi brought to light? Explain briefly.

Solution

Q9 Describe briefly the role of women in agrarian society during 16th and 17th centuries.

Solution

Q10 “The keeping of exact and detailed records was a major concern of the Mughal administration”. Support the statement with facts.

Solution

Subjects

Q1
Mention any two strategies evolved by Brahmanas to enforce the norms about the ideal occupations for all the four Varnas, contained in Dharma sutras and Dharma Shastras.

Q2
Mention any two universal architectural features of Mosques.

Q3
Why were Kanpur and Jamshedpur known as proper “Industrial Cities” ? Give any two reasons.

Q4
Describe briefly the drainage system of the Harappan cities.

Q5
Describe the sources used to construct the history of the Mauryan Empire.

Q6
How do we come to know about Buddha’s teachings? Explain.

Q7
How are all families not identical? Explain the kind of variations, that occurred in ancient times.

Q8
How and when were the ruins of Hampi brought to light? Explain briefly.

Q9
Describe briefly the role of women in agrarian society during 16th and 17th centuries.

Q10
“The keeping of exact and detailed records was a major concern of the Mughal administration”. Support the statement with facts.